In the third element of social identity theory, people use _______ to improve their self-esteem. Based on experiments by Festinger and Carlsmith, the idea that people are motivated to have consistent attitudes and behaviors. To reduce the feeling of discomfort about lying, they persuaded themselves they actually enjoyed the experiment. Psychol., 1954, 49, 211-218. KELMAN, H. Attitude change as a function of response restriction Hum. Don't see what you need? This question was included because there was a chance that differences might emerge. Introducing Cram Folders! If you want to keep people from hating each other, work on eliminating hateful behavior. Hoffer, E. (1951) The True Believer. Because of the desirability of investigating this possible alternative explanation, we recorded on a tape recorder the conversation between each S and the girl. In the One Dollar condition, since the magnitude of dissonance was high, the pressure to reduce this dissonance would also be high. Cognitive Dissonance | in Chapter 09: Motivation and Emotion Half of them were offered $1 to do the job, while the remaining half was offered $20. Stats 4: Comparing Two or More Groups 0000000868 00000 n Harry's belief is based on. The true purpose of the experiment was then explained to the S in detail, and the reasons for each of the various steps in the experiment were explained carefully in relation to the true purpose. What is the term for the process of developing an opinion about another person? If an environmental group is trying to persuade the public to join its cause, it needs to focus on the, When someone who thinks they're smart does something they think is stupid, it causes, In Festinger and Carlsmith's study, the students who were only paid $1 for doing a very boring task, convinced themselves that the task was interesting, Karen is late for work, and her co-worker, Jeff, assumes it is because she is careless and lazy. The E then removed the tray and spools and placed in front of the S a board containing 48 square pegs. /Size 61 (Boulding, 1969) correct. One side argued that football was good for a university, the other side argued that it was harmful. Ben Franklin gave some peculiar advice that makes sense in the context of cognitive dissonance theory. >> Festinger and Carlsmith's study now began to treat the 71 subjects in different ways such as to investigate the cognitive consequences of induced compliance to see whether there would be any evidence of Cognitive Dissonance, where the student concerned was psychologically di-stressed between his actual views and the role he found himself taking //document.getElementById('adblockmessage').style.display = 'block'; This is the, People are less likely to be susceptible to the foot-in-the-door technique, how far people would go in obeying the command of an authority figure, Social loafing can be explained by the fact that, it is easier for a lazy person to hide laziness when working in a group of people. The stronger the S's positive statements about the tasks, and the more ways in which he said they were interesting and enjoyable, the higher the rating. Half of the %PDF-1.7 % If you change your attitudes, then presumably your behavior will change. "I didn't like the sermon at all today. To start with, she asks her boyfriend to cook dinner for her. His boss, Marco, assumes that traffic was bad this morning. Which of the following statements about stereotypes is FALSE? 5. There remain, for analysis, 20 Ss in each of the thee conditions. Hence, one would expect the results on this question to be very similar to the results on "how enjoyable the tasks were" but weaker. Solomon Asch, a social psychologist conducted a series of experiments called Asch conformity to study how the behavior of a certain group influence the behav Normative conformity is most commonly referred to as peer pressure, and is prevalent in our present society. Studies have found the degree of conformity to be greater in_______ cultures. Assume that you were a participant in the experiment conducted by In the famous Festinger experiment, participants were paid either $1 or $20 to lie to a woman in the waiting room about how interesting the task really was. There is another possible way, however. There is perhaps no surer way of infecting ourselves with virulent hatred toward a person than by doing him a grave injustice. His data, however did not support this idea. So, to avoid dissonance, the person likes you. The opposite of Franklin's principle is described by Eric Hoffer, in The True Believer (1951). This is an example of which rule of attraction? For an hour, you are required to perform dull tasks, such as turning wooden knobs again and again. Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) conducted one of the first studies examining cognitive dissonance. Festinger and Carlsmith had cleverly set up an opposition between behavioral theory, which was dominant in the 1950s, and Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory. The question was included because, as far as we could see, it had nothing to do with the dissonance that was experimentally created and could not be used for dissonance reduction. Their data, however, are not included in the analysis. 47 14 The students presumably put some effort into building and defending their arguments. Procedure In this experiment, 71 male participants were given a series of nonsensical and boring tasks. Eliot Aronson, himself a famous social psychologist and former student of Festinger, called this "the most important experiment in the history of social psychology" ("Social Researcher", 1984). test scores of each group decreased when it was the out-group. :>"we>WN,}Arj*L^{l"C9](j0xfyK.1^8 jKbE#/`^%]Ply48o~9cw+ecw/j;k`t)# -3ffua0D@~1` cp \nO7uF& o>u$]oK' 2WBxK>rVyRZ 7%M6xdKmUD}],'WpaB2t$t@^K,JLiM 6H] WA@'n. Evanston, IL: Row & Peterson The average ratings on this question, presented in the first row of figures in Table 1, are the results most important to the experiment. /Resources 50 0 R J. abnorm. In this study, Festinger and Carlsmith found that This is an example of, The fact that Kitty Genovese did not receive help was most likely due to. Which of the following statements is TRUE? He did so in order to make it convincing that this was [p. 205] what thc E was interested in and that these tasks, and how the S worked on them, was the total experiment. He called it the Sacrifice Trap: If we once start making sacrifices for anythinga family, a religion, or a nationwe find that we cannot admit to ourselves that the sacrifices have been in vain without a threat to our personal identity. Then, identify the underlined modifier by writing P for positive degree, C for comparative degree, or S for superlative degree. Would the subject be willing to do a small favor for the experimenter? In the process, people look at the images portrayed by others as something obtainable and realistic, and subsequently, make comparisons among themselves, others and the idealized images. /ImageC The prediction [from 3 and 4 above] is that the larger the reward given to the subject, the smaller will be the subsequent opinion change. He called it the Sacrifice Trap: _________ has been linked to higher levels of aggression. Festinger, L. (1957). As a rule, cognitive dissonance theory predicts that attitudes and behaviors will remain in synchrony. In these circumstances, the object of sacrifice becomes "sacred" and it is in a position to demand further sacrifices. The content of what the S said after the girl made the above-mentioned remark. 3. The "Robber's Cave" experiment showed the value of _____in combating prejudice. ]B|07oS8x 7\>Hu0Y(ax/oFpr9&wcN/lLvxva 0]pr8g7o>:kIR,7V_ so4;OO8{B9D W}evewdJ|zCjmgO41b:f~fH4RZHn%j0d&@0yuV;Yhr.a3{Zolv8=e":1'>TwO_3[p]%zX{H[g*uW?:4?= When she gets up to play it at the recital in front of 100 people, she preforms it better than she ever has. The results were surprising to Festinger. Cram has partnered with the National Tutoring Association, Conformity In The Stanford Prison Experiment, Stereotypes: The Role Of Discrimination In Social Groups, Summary Of Stereotypes That Affect Social Interaction. The presence of others is especially important in influencing helping behavior when a situation is, Once someone has taken responsibility to help, the next step in the decision-making process is. Patrick is very proud of his Irish heritage and thinks of himself as an Irish American. 4. But other factors would enter also. Were the tasks interesting and enjoyable? bringing diverse groups of people into contact with each other. In these circumstances, the object of sacrifice becomes "sacred" and it is in a position to demand further sacrifices. /ID[<6F318BB6E8BA809AD9B6B9D834A90064><6F318BB6E8BA809AD9B6B9D834A90064>] /ImageI We would also like to acknowledge the help of Ruth Smith and Marilyn M. Miller. Psychology Chapter 12 Flashcards - Cram.com It is possible, then, that the results on this question, shown in the third row of figures in Table 1, might reflect dissonance reduction. Researchers have found that a________ degree of fear in a message makes it more effective particularly when it it combined with __________. Six chapters are new to this book; two are reprints of chapters . . This has many practical implications. Research on conformity suggests that if a _____ response is required, ______ show more conformity than ______. When the interview was over, the interviewer brought the S back to the experimental room where the E was waiting together with the girl who had posed as the waiting S. (In the control condition, of course, the girl was not there.) Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-211. Kelman (1953) tried to pursue the matter further. Among the paid participants, 5 had suspicions about getting paid for the designated task. What happens when students are asked to defend positions contrary to their beliefs? _______ love, based on many years of shared responsibilities and experiences, is what binds many marriages together. The formation of in-groups and out-groups, The effect that people's awareness of the stereotypes associated with their social group has on their behavior is, Strategies for overcoming prejudice include. The same logic applies to selfish concerns such as getting other people to respect you. Classics in the History of Psychology -- Festinger & Carlsmith (1959) This manufacturer is depending on the social process of______ to increase sales. The area of the brain that is most involved in aggression is the ______. As a rule, cognitive dissonance theory predicts that attitudes and behaviors will remain in synchrony. Which of the following is not one of the elements of effective persuasion? What is the reason for the lack of action, according to Darley and Latane? They changed their attitudes to relieve the dissonance and fully believed that the activities were interesting. The difference .between the One Dollar and Control conditions is not impressive at all (t = 1.21). Results and Conclusions - Festinger-Carlsmith He was told again to use one band and to work at his own speed. Social Psychology 309 Multiple Choice for Final Exam - Quizlet A person who is very low in self-worth is less likely to be affected by the_____. Three Ss (one in the One Dollar and two in the Twenty Dollar condition) refused to take the money and refused to be hired. So, to avoid dissonance, the person likes you. From this point on, as the promised rewards or threatened punishment become larger, the magnitude of dissonance becomes smaller. ", 3. startxref Prev page|Page top|Chapter Contents|Next page After the debate, students expressed beliefs closer to their debate position than before (Scott, 1957). Instead the opposite happened. The group most likely to become a scapegoat is the group. (1957) Attitude change through reward of verbal behavior. According to the social psychologist, the social comparison theory is the idea that there is a drive within individuals to search for outside images in order to evaluate their own opinions and abilities. On the other hand, the ones who were paid $20, apparently had the money as their primary justification for carrying out their task. Jane nonetheless takes what she learned seriously and begins to pay more attention to her safety.
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