75 S Elliott Pl, Brooklyn, NY 11217-1207. "[95], Beginning in occupied Louisiana under General Nathaniel P. Banks, the military developed a wage-labor system for cultivating large areas of land. The Confiscation Act of 1862 allowed the Treasury Department to sell many captured lands on the grounds of delinquent taxes. Als eine Schauspielschlerin beim ersten Vorsprechen abgelehnt wird, lsst sie sich desillusioniert auf einen Job ein, der ebenfalls schauspielerisches Talent erfordert und obendrein noch gut bezahlt wird: Sie wird Telefonsexgirl. [166], Many blacks who had settled on property surrounding Hampton were forced to leave by various means. (Even more quickly, the town's white residents fled to Richmond. [111][112] A bill drafted in conference committee to provide limited land tenure for one year while authorizing military supervision of freedmen was rejected in the Senate by abolitionists who thought it did not do justice to the freedmen. instance of. Congress continued to debate the economic and social status of the free population, with land reform identified as critical to realizing black freedom. [134] The first major plan considered would have sent employed free blacks as coal miners in Chiriqu Province, Panama (then part of Gran Colombia). [107] Although Thomas resisted instructions to prevent the free blacks from farming, General Eaton ordered him to comply. Some maintained that the land the freedmen had farmed for no pay should be taken from their former owners and given to them. [196] In Charles City County, three-quarters of black farm workers owned their own farms, with an average size of 36 acres. She has a good job as a commercial artist and designer, a spacious Brooklyn apartment, and three boyfriends. image. With support from Thaddeus Stevens and William Fessenden, Congress began to debate a new bill for black settlement of public lands in the South. Aydanos a proteger Glassdoor verificando que eres una persona real. [27] Fear of competition by black workers, as well as generalized racial prejudice, made the prospect of black refugees unpalatable for Massachusetts politicians. [63] French traveled to Washington in December 1863 to lobby for legal confirmation of the plan. All content is posted anonymously by employees working at 40 Acres and a Mule Filmworks. Howard acted quickly based on the authorization from Speed, ordering an inventory of lands available for redistribution and resisting white Southerners' attempts to reclaim property. [184] Some historians, such as Robert McKenzie, have challenged the prevalence of this "standard scenario" and argued that land ownership fluctuated significantly during the 1870s. [59] Overall, the majority of the land was sold to Northern investors and remained under their control. This law allowed the military to seize rebel property, including land and slaves. However, the Bureau was not always able to enforce its interpretation after the Union Army had substantially demobilized. By the Spring of 1865, this program was well underway, and after August any well-informed intelligent observer in South Carolina would have concluded, as did the Negroes, that some considerable degree of permanent land division was highly probable. [103][104] Black refugees who had gathered in Vicksburg moved en masse to Davis Bend under the auspices of the Freedman's Department (an agency created by the military prior to Congressional authorization of the "Freedmen's Bureau", discussed below). Get insight into 40 Acres and a Mule Filmworks! Butler declared the slaves contraband of war and allowed them to remain with the Union Army. [127] President Johnson and others began to counteract the Circular almost immediately. According to historian Donald R. Shaffer: The fact was, however, that not all African Americans were enthusiastic about land redistribution. [143] On April 14, 1863, they left Fort Monroe in the "Ocean Ranger". In addition to his prolific film career, Lee has directed and produced numerous music videos and began commercial work in 1988 with his Nike Air Jordan campaign. The Battle of Shiloh began a period of turmoil (18621863), at Davis Bend, although its black residents continued farming. Black land ownership increased markedly in Mississippi during the 19th century, particularly. If you continue to see this [51] On balance, however, the white sponsors of the Experiment had perceived positive results; businessman John Murray Forbes in May 1862 called it "a decided success", announcing that Blacks would indeed work in exchange for wages. [177], According to many historians, economic negotiations between blacks and whites in the South thus unfolded within the parameters dictated by the Johnson administration. FORTY ACRES AND A MULE FILMWORKS - YA' DIG, SHO NUFF contactus@40acres.com Search for: FORTY ACRES AND A MULE FILMWORKS YA' DIG, SHO NUFF About Us The Jointography Movies DA PRESENT DA 5 BLOODS - Coming Soon BLACKKKLANSMAN PASS OVER CHI-RAQ OLD BOY DA SWEET BLOOD OF JESUS RED HOOK SUMMER DA 00s PASSING STRANGE MIRACLE AT ST. ANNA INSIDE MAN [98] The Treasury Department, particularly as Secretary Chase prepared to seek the Republican nomination in 1864, accused the military of treating the freedpeople inhumanely. [149], Lincoln continued to pursue colonization plans, particularly in the British West Indies, but none came to fruition. Many freed people believed, after being told by various political figures, that they had a right to own the land they had been forced to work as slaves and were eager to control their own property. [190] By 1870, approximately 121 free Blacks owned land in the area. In a petition signed by 56 farmers (including Montgomery) and published in the New Orleans Tribune:[108]. These glaring manifestations of the "Negro Problem" provoked hostility from much of the Union rank-and-fileand necessitated administration by officers. Under the command of Colonel Samuel Thomas, these soldiers began to fortify the area. Special edition patches exclusively at Spike's Joint. Pomeroy accepted 500 of the 13,700 people who applied for the job. Jul 2019 - Oct 20212 years 4 months. James Chaplin Beecher observed that the "so called 40 acre tract[s] vary in size from eight acres to (450) four hundred and fifty. [146] 292 survivors from the original group remained on the island and 73 had moved to Aux Cayes; most were restored to the U.S. by a mission of the Navy in February 1864. an. [245][246][247], The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) has long been viewed as a cause for the decline in black agriculture. As elsewhere, black workers felt strongly that they had a claim to the lands they worked. The "mule" may have been added simply as an obvious necessity for achieving prosperity through agriculture. Do I pay for the mandatory drug test for 40 Acres and a Mule Filmworks? [153][154], In December 1865, Congress began to debate the "Second Freedmen's Bureau bill", which would have opened three million acres of unoccupied public land in Florida, Mississippi, and Arkansas for homesteading. Shop BHM Bundles Do The Right Thing She's Gotta Have It A Spike Lee Joint Malcolm X Da 5 Bloods All BHM Bundles . [187] Union troops also forcefully evicted settlers, sometimes provoking violent standoffs; many blacks came to trust the Freedmen's Bureau no more than they did the Rebels. Consisting of property owners, or men who realistically aspired to buy property one day, these black men tended to oppose land confiscation and redistribution. [220] About 1,900 families with land titles resettled in Beaufort County, buying 19,040 acres of land at relatively low rates. [183] Eventually, under this framework, sharecropping emerged as the dominant mode of production. [73] On December 19, Sherman dispatched many of these slaves to Hilton Head, an island already serving as refugee camp. [33] Abuses by Union troops continued even after a stable regime had been established. One Union officer was caught preparing to secretly transport a group of blacks to Cuba, in order to sell them as slaves. [81] Such plots were colloquially known as "Blackacres". [57], In September 1863, Lincoln announced a plan to auction 60,000 acres of South Carolina land in lots of 320 acressetting aside 16,000 acres of the land for "heads of families of the African race", who could obtain 20-acre lots sold at $1.25/acre (equivalent to $28 in 2021). Freed people widely expected to legally claim 40 acres of land. [144][145] Kock confiscated all of the money possessed by the colonists and did not pay their wages. [101] Davis allowed several hundred slaves to eat nutritious food, live in well-built cottages, receive medical care, and resolve their disputes in a weekly "Hall of Justice" court. ein Mensch und keine Maschine sind. Leverage your professional network, and get hired. The bill was later numbered H.R. ALL INFORMATION IS PROVIDED AS IS AND WITH ALL FAULTS. enviando un correo electrnico a After Johnson ordered the Bureau to restore the estate of a complaining Tennessee plantation owner, General Joseph S. Fullerton suggested to at least one subordinate that Circular #13 "will not be observed for the present". I cannot break faith with them now by recommending the restoration of any of these lands. Jobs People Learning Dismiss Dismiss. [228] Mound Bayou remains an autonomous and virtually all-Black community. -Develop a floor plan for shipping area . 0 references. For Port Royal[40] Colonel Thomas had already prepared an arrangement of this type; but Pierce insisted that Port Royal offered the chance to "settle a great social question": namely, whether "when properly organized, and with proper motives set before them, [blacks] will as freemen be as industrious as any race of men are likely to be in this climate. Eaton also ordered Thomas to confiscate farming equipment held by blacks, on the grounds thatbecause Mississippi law banned slaves from owning propertythey must have stolen such possessions. [235], In 1910, black Americans owned 15,000,000 acres of land, most of it in Alabama, Mississippi, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Johnson dispatched Howard to the Islands, with instructions to broker a "mutually satisfactory" settlement. I respectfully ask that this Order which I have carried out in good faith, Shall now be enforced, and that no part or parcel of the lands which have been disposed of under its just provisions, shall, under any circumstances, be restored to the former owners. [222], Many people remained on the islands and maintained the Gullah culture of their ancestors. Congress passed the bill in February 1866 but could not override Johnson's veto. [152] Howard transported several hundred freedmen from Alabama to Arkansas for work on the line. Black settlers retained control over 1,565 titles amounting to 63,000 acres. [3], The institution of slavery in the United States deprived multiple generations of the opportunity to own land. Summer Job: Golan-Globus Productions: J. Lee . Concerned about a possible insurrection, Colonel Orlando Brown (head of the Freedmen's Bureau in Virginia) proposed relocating Virginia's blacks to Texas or Florida. envie um e-mail para You can also look out for special capsule packages featuring products such as tees, outerwear pieces and accessories tie-ins to one of my many Joints made available for a very special price this month. While college isn't always the . See what companies are similar to 40 Acres and a Mule Filmworks. There are some who call the USDA 'the last plantation.' [18] More recently, various Homestead Acts were passed between 1862 and 1916, granting 160640 acres (a quarter section to a full section), depending on the act, and earlier homesteading occurred under statutes such as the Preemption Act of 1841. Si continas recibiendo este mensaje, infrmanos del problema Hence, most African Americans during Reconstruction did not achieve the dramatic economic progress comparable to that demonstrated by their race in politics. A meeting was duly arranged. "[215][216], Soldiers continued to evict settlers and enforce work agreements, leading in 1867 to a large-scale armed standoff between the Army and a group of farmers who would not renew their contract with a plantation owner. The land was used freely by local white authorities until 1962, when it was turned over to the federal Fish and Wildlife Service and became Harris Neck National Wildlife Refuge. All told, the government now claimed 76,775 acres of Sea Island land. Circular no. Lee continues to produce cinematic works of art that display his skill and ability to showcase outspoken and proactive socio-political critiques that challenge cultural assumptions about Race, Class and Gender Identity. The Freedmen's Bureau generally treated the black Codes as invalid, based on federal legislation. [96], Sometimes land came under the control of Treasury officials. [88], In practice, the areas of land settled were quite variable. [62] But Saxton and French considered the 16,000-acre reserve to be inadequate, and instructed black families to stake claims and build houses on all 60,000 acres of the land. The reparations movement, which continues to the current day, cites "40 acres and a mule" as the U.S. government's promise to make restitution to African Americans for enslavement. Brooklyn, New York, United States . Ownership of the land remains contested. 40 Acres and a Mule Filmworks Internship Program Dear Prospective Intern: I am delighted to learn of your interest in the 40 Acres and a Mule Internship Program. [8], In the South, vagrancy laws had allowed the states to force free Negroes into labor, and sometimes to sell them into slavery. [132], During and after the war, politicians, generals and others envisioned a variety of colonization plans that would have provided real estate to black families. By the end of July there were 900, and General Butler appointed Edward L. Pierce as Commissioner of Negro Affairs. And be it further enacted, That the commissioner, under the direction of the President, shall have authority to set apart, for the use of loyal refugees and freedmen, such tracts of land within the insurrectionary states as shall have been abandoned, or to which the United States shall have acquired title by confiscation or sale, or otherwise, and to every male citizen, whether refugee or freedman, as aforesaid, there shall be assigned not more than forty acres of such land, and the person to whom it was so assigned shall be protected in the use and enjoyment of the land for the term of three years at an annual rent not exceeding six per centum upon the value of such land, as it was appraised by the state authorities in the year eighteen hundred and sixty, for the purpose of taxation, and in case no such appraisal can be found, then the rental shall be based upon the estimated value of the land in said year, to be ascertained in such manner as the commissioner may by regulation prescribe. [124][125] With Circular #13, land redistribution was an official policy for the entire South, and understood as such by army officers. [191], Many freedpeople could not afford to purchase land immediately after the war, but earned money in jobs outside farming such as fishing and oystering. ", "Gullah Culture in Danger of Fading Away", "Life in Mound Bayou, Mississippi: Findings from a Community Survey", "The Enduring Myth of 'Forty Acres and a Mule", "Families join in new quest for Harris Neck land", "Black Landowners Fight to Reclaim Georgia Home", "Civil Rights at the United States Department of Agriculture: A Report by the Civil Rights Action Team", "Forty Acres and a Mule: The Ruined Hope of Reconstruction", "Formulating Reparations Litigation Through the Eyes of the Movement", "Negro Ownership of Real Property in Hampton and Elizabeth City County, 18601870", "The le a Vache Colonization Venture, 18621864", "How Sherman's March Through Georgia Affected the Slaves", "The Persistence of the Idea of Negro Colonization", "The Languages of Change: Sources of Black Ideology During the Civil War and Reconstruction", "Abraham Lincoln and Colonization: An Episode That Ends in Tragedy at L'Ile a Vache, Haiti, 18631864", "Black Landowners Beware: A Proposal for Statutory Reform", "Freedmen and the Soil in the Upper South: The Reorganization of Tennessee Agriculture, 18651880", "Land and Labor: The Quest for Black Economic Independence on Virginia's Lower Peninsula, 18651880", "From Reconstruction to Deconstruction: Undermining Black Landownership, Political Independence, and Community Through Partition Sales of Tenancies in Common", "The Great Recession and Land and Housing Loss in African American Communities: Case Studies from Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, and Mississippi", "Lincoln and Chiriqu Colonization Revisited", "A Rejected Alternative: Union Policy and the Relocation of Southern 'Contrabands' at the Dawn of Emancipation", Bills and Resolutions, Senate, 39th Congress, 1st Session Bill 60, List of Union Civil War monuments and memorials, List of memorials to the Grand Army of the Republic, Confederate artworks in the United States Capitol, List of Confederate monuments and memorials, Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials. 40 Acres and a Mule Filmworks (1995) - YouTube Clockers (1995)@(1995) Universal Pictures / 40 Acress and a Mule Filmworks@(2007) Universal Studios Home Entertainment Clockers. The Cherokee Nation had lower levels of racial inequality, higher incomes for black people, higher literacy rates among black people, and greater school attendance rates among black people. As the Northern Army began to seize property in its war with the South, Congress passed the Confiscation Act of 1861. This is the 40 Acres and a Mule Filmworks company profile. [93] ("Forty acres" was a slogan, which though it did appear often in formal declarations, represented a wide variety of different arrangements for land ownership and farming. [25], A plan developed in September 1862 would have relocated refugees en masse to Massachusetts and other northern states. [204] Saxton wrote to Howard on September 5, 1865, asking him to protect black landownership on the Sea Islands:[205]. [136][137][138], Like Liberia, an independent black nation, Haiti was also considered a good place to colonize freedpeople from the U.S.[139][140] As the Chiriqu plan was hitting its stride in 1862, Lincoln was developing another plan to colonize the small island of le Vache near Haiti. In fact, it reflected the rapidly growing reality of black refugee camps that sprang up around the Union Army. [225] This price, $75 per acre, was comparatively low. The expectation of "40 acres" came from the explicit terms of Sherman's Field Order and the Freedmen's Bureau bill. EXCLUSIVE: After making a new overall deal at Netflix for his 40 Acres And A Mule Filmworks late last year, Spike Lee has set Steven Jackson to join his company in the post of Head of. He recommended the establishment of a supervised black farming collective to prepare the workers for the responsibilities of citizenshipand to serve as a model for post-slavery labor relations in the South.[38][39]. Many worked for the Army at a rate of $10.00/month, but these wages were not sufficient for them to make major improvements in housing. (c) 2019 Forty Acres and a Mule Filmworks, IF GOD IS WILLING AND DA CREEK DONT RISE, BEST SEAT IN THE HOUSE: A BASKETBALL MEMOIR, BY ANY MEANS NECESSARY: THE TRAILS AND TRIBULATIONS OF MAKING MALCOLM X, UPLIFT THE RACE: THE CONSTRUCTION OF SCHOOL DAZE, SPIKE LEES GOTTA HAVE IT: INSIDE GUERRILLA FILMMAKING. [200][201], Survivors of the camps also achieved a high level of land ownership and business success in the town of Hampton itself. [19], After secession, the Union maintained its control over Fort Monroe in Hampton on the coast of Southern Virginia. Several hundred thousand Gullah people live on the Sea Islands today. 40 Acres and a Mule Filmworks is the production company of Spike Lee,[1][2] founded in 1979. Until January 1, 1867, the bill specified, only free blacks and loyal whites would be allowed access to these lands. I consider that the faith of the Government is solemnly pledged to these people, who have been faithful to it. Spike Lee production company. Which school(s) did you study at before starting at 40 Acres and a Mule Filmworks? [4] As legal slavery came to an end, many freed people fully expected to gain ownership of the land they had worked, as some abolitionists had led them to expect. [151], As it became clear that the pool of land available for blacks was rapidly shrinking, the Union discussed various proposals for how blacks might resettle and eventually own their own land. [218] 90% of the land on Skidaway Island was confiscated. Stacker gathered IMDb data on 45 of the most beloved college movies and ranked them by user rating. General O. O. Howard, chief of the Freedmen's Bureau, requested an interpretation from Attorney General James Speed regarding how this proclamation would affect the Freedmen's Bureau mandate. General, I have the honor to report that the old owners of the lands on the Sea Islands, are making strong efforts to regain possession of them. 40 Acres and a Mule Filmworks US-amerikanische Filmproduktionsgesellschaft. Dismiss. [52], Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton appointed General Rufus Saxton as military governor of Port Royal in April 1862, and by December Saxton was agitating for permanent black control over the land. [85][86], The Special Field Orders were issued by Sherman, not the federal government with regards to all former slaves, and he issued similar ones "throughout the campaign to assure the harmony of action in the area of operations. A struggling actress in New York City takes a job as a phone sex operator. Under pressure from Johnson and other pro-capital politicians in the North, and from almost all of white society in the South, the Freedmen's Bureau was transformed from a protector of land rights to an enforcer of wage labor. Malcolm X International Release One Sheet Movie Poster - Signed And Framed - Pick Up Only In NYC, Malcolm X One Sheet Movie Poster - Signed And Framed - Pick Up Only In NYC, VINTAGE SHORTY POSTCARD 4"x6" - 1992 - SIGNED, Malcolm X Criterion 30th Anniversary Edition 4k Blue Ray Set - Signed, "X" Anniversary Snap Back Cap With Pin - Black, "X" Anniversary Snap Back Cap With Pin - White, By Any Means Necessary: The Trials and Tribulations of the Making of Malcolm X. Throughout this month, I'll be highlighting these moments in Her-Story/His-Story through my lens and giving you a peek of my collection housed at the world headquarters of 40 Acres & A Mule Filmworks. Hampton was well known as one of the War's first and biggest refugee camps, and served as a sort of model for other settlements. [198][199] However, they did constitute a base of economic power, and blacks from this region held political office at a high rate. HR factory Lithuania (26) Getjet Airlines (19) Bored Panda (17) . excuses voor het ongemak. The American Colonization Society settled a few hundred people in Liberia during the war, and several thousand more in the five years following. Johnson signed this bill and it went into effect on June 21, 1866. Sherman's Special Field Orders, No. cinematography. Civic groups like the American Missionary Association provided enthusiastic assistance. [43] More traditional abolitionists like Maria Weston Chapman also praised Pierce's plan. Do the Right Thing Lee has also authored several books, including Five for Five, a pictorial reflection of his first five features, Best Seat in the House, with Ralph Wiley, and two childrens brooks Please, Baby, Please and Please, Puppy, Please, co-authored with Tonya Lewis Lee, his wife. promising them that they should have promissory titles to the same. He won support from Stanton, Chase, Sumner, and President Lincoln, but met continuing resistance from a tax commission that wanted to sell the land. [34], Treasury Secretary Salmon P. Chase had in December deployed Colonel William H. Reynolds to collect and sell whatever cotton could be confiscated from the Sea Island plantations. Considered a stubborn bureaucracy and slow to change, USDA is also perceived as playing a key role in what some see as a conspiracy to force minority and socially disadvantaged farmers off their land through discriminatory loan practices. His motto was: "The less people are governed, the more submissive they will be to control. Statements. [57], Most of the whites involved in the project felt that black ownership of the land should be its final result. Especially in 1865, the precedent it set was highly visible to newly free blacks seeking land of their own. His creation of Spike's Joint helped establish the ground work of what today's streetwear brands aspire to become. [6] Perceived as a job-stealing threat to societythey were a downward force on wages since they usually would work for less than whitesand even more as a dangerous influence on those who remained enslaved, free Negroes were unwelcome in most areas of the United States. "[89] Some areas were settled by groups: Skidaway Island was colonized by a group of over 1000 people, including Reverend Ulysses L. Saxton reported on December 22 "Every cabin and house on these islands is filled to overflowingI have some 15,000." Nous sommes dsols pour la gne occasionne. Freedmen were not generally eligible for homesteading because they were not citizens, which changed with the Fourteenth Amendment in 1868 when they were granted citizenship, and with the Fifteenth Amendment, which in 1870 gave them the right to vote. [12][13] The American Colonization Society (ACS) formed in 1816 to address the issue of free African Americans through settlement (not resettlement) abroad. At the commencement of our present year, this plantation was, in compliance with an order of our Post Commander, deprived of horses, mules, oxen and farming utensils of every description, very much of which had been captured and brought into Union lines by the undersigned; in consequence of which deprivations, we were, of course, reduced to the necessity of buying everything necessary for farming, and having thus far succeeded in performing by far the most expensive and laborious part of our work, we are prepared to accomplish the ginning, pressing, weighing, marking, consigning, etc., in a business-like order if allowed to do so. 700 more arrived on Christmas. Check us out on our website www.40Acres.com and follow us on Twitter, twitter.com/40AcresBrooklyn. [57], The tax commissioners conducted the auction regardless, selling ten thousand acres of land. 1 reference. [106] It also leased 1,200 acres to Northern investors. The black elite in the South, which disproportionately consisted of those who had been free before the war and the lightskinned, tended to emphasize suffrage and equal rights over economic issues. A class action lawsuit has accused the USDA of systematic discrimination against black farmers from 1981 to 1999. [92][93] The result was refugee camps afflicted by disease and short on supplies. Near the coast, they owned an average of 27 acres; inland, an average of 48 acres. Almost all of those present agreed to request land grants for autonomous black communities, on the grounds that racial hatred would prevent economic advancement for blacks in mixed areas.[78][79]. [58] In January 1863, Saxton unilaterally halted the Treasury Department's tax sale on the grounds of military necessity. A 2020 study contrasted the successful distribution of free land to former slaves in the Cherokee Nation with the failure to give free land to former slaves in the Confederacy. Donald R. Shaffer "African Americans" in Richard Zuczek, ed. The state had much undeveloped bottomland (low-lying alluvial land near a river) behind riverfront areas that had been cultivated before the war. [114], This stronger version of the bill passed both houses on March 3, 1865. It used Port Royal as evidence that blacks could live and work on their own. [121][122] At its peak in 1865, the Freedmen's Bureau controlled 800,000900,000 acres of plantation lands previously belonging to slave owners. At the end of said term, or at any time during said term, the occupants of any parcels so assigned may purchase the land and receive such title thereto as the United States can convey, upon paying therefor the value of the land, as ascertained and fixed for the purpose of determining the annual rent aforesaid. [207] He informed the islanders of Johnson's intention. "[180] Even Rufus Saxton, who campaigned actively for black property in the Sea Islands, issued a Circular instructing his agents to dispel the rumor of redistribution at New Year's 1866. scusiamo se questo pu causarti degli inconvenienti. Thomas began to lease the land to black tenants for the 1864 crop season. Houston. In Pigford v. Glickman (1999), District Court Judge Paul L. Friedman ruled in favor of the farmers and ordered the USDA to pay financial damages for loss of land and revenue. [185] Black land ownership did increase across the South. [249] However, the status of full compensation for affected farmers remains unresolved. Production: Fox Searchlight Pictures / 40 Acres and a Mule Filmworks / Page Wiki: https: . [70][71] Many former slaves had become disillusioned by the Union Army, having suffered pillaging, rape, and other abuses. [115] The bill mandated institutionalized black landownership of the same land that had formerly relied on their unpaid labor. As Pierce later described the encounter: Mr. Lincoln, who was then chafing under a prospective bereavement, listened for a few moments, and then said, somewhat impatiently, that he did not think he ought to be troubled with such details, that there seemed to be an itching to get negroes into our lines; to which I replied that these negroes were within them by the invitation of no one, being domiciled there before we began occupation.
