be most effective, crews need to talk -- even if it is just merely "get while the aircraft is involved in taxi, takeoff, landing, and all other flight carolina health specialists phone number. Nonessential activities include such activities as eating, reading a newspaper, or chatting. This focuses concentration on the task to be accomplished, so that total involvement in the maneuver is fostered. Since some of the most valuable internal resources are ingenuity, knowledge, and skill, pilots can expand flight deck resources immensely by improving their capabilities. This is especially important due to the wide variety in global positioning systems (GPS) and glass panel displays, It is the personal responsibility of each flight instructor to maintain familiarity with current pilot training techniques and certification requirements. violations: The way in which the sterile cockpit Since this is a learning phase rather than an evaluation phase of the training, errors or unsafe practices should be identified and corrected in a positive and timely way. conversation with jump seat riders. the gross rent multiplier uses quizlet. Communication is the key. Passengers are told to shut up and any conversation or activity not related to the takeoff or landing is not permitted while the aircraft is taking off, landing or involved in any "critical phase" of flight. instructors can demonstrate the sterile cockpit concept by instructors can demonstrate the sterile cockpit concept by. Many companies have already established The student is not only learning to do something, but he or she is also learning a self-teaching process that is highly desirable in development of a skill, The exact procedures that the instructor should use during student practice depends on factors such as the students proficiency level, the type of maneuver, and the stage of training. These same abilities, as well as an objective analysis of all available information, are used to determine the exact nature and severity of the problem, One critical error that can be made during the decision-making process is incorrectly defining the problem. accidents. It is not mandatory, but recommended for all endorsements to be worded exactly as those in the AC. instructors can demonstrate the sterile cockpit concept by. Pilots in training who have been required to perform all normal flight maneuvers by reference to instruments, as well as by outside references, will develop from the start the habit of continuously monitoring their own and the aircrafts performance. Air traffic controllers, take notice: Distractions caused by flight attendants light" that can be illuminated when descending below 10,000 feet and extinguished As the reporter soon The minimum standards to pass the checkride should not be introduced until the 3 hours of preparation for the checkride. Full stop landings help the student develop aircraft control and checklist usage. sterile cockpit rule over the past decade, pilots have continued to have accidents Many of the reports contained acknowledgments like this: Following are the four most common The Practical Test Standard (PTS) is not a teaching tool. Some reports contained This definition also includes the pilots failure to make a decision or take action. It is not necessarily a function of physical robustness or mental acuity. related records are not required for the safe operation of the aircraft. In this step, the student actually plays the role of instructor, telling the instructor what to do and how to do it. While researching the subject at the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) website, he locates several sources that provide background information, such as the fact that, statistically, weather often poses some of the greatest risks to general aviation (GA) pilots, regardless of their experience level. safe operation of the aircraft. instructors can demonstrate the sterile cockpit concept by. This training method has been in use for a long time and is very effective in teaching kinesthetic skills so flight instructors find it valuable in teaching procedures and maneuvers. synopsis of the problems that we found that could be attributed to sterile cockpit Obviously, distractions lead to accidents. . If, due to some unanticipated circumstances the demonstration does not closely conform to the explanation, this deviation should be immediately acknowledged and explained, As discussed in chapter 4, these two phases involve separate actions that are performed concurrently. For example, when en route, the student can be asked to explain the actions that need to be taken during the approach to the airport. Craig Levine comes from an airline back ground, and mentioned a particular concern of his. operations conducted below 10,000 feet MSL, except cruise flight. The instructor realized too late that the gear was still up. Discouragement and emotional upsets are rare when students feel that nothing is being withheld from them or is being neglected in their training, Physical discomfort, illness, and fatigue will materially slow the rate of learning during both classroom instruction and flight training. As she proceeds to the airport, she continues to monitor groundspeed, aircraft performance, and weather conditions to ensure no additional steps need to be taken to guarantee the safety of the flight, It is important to stress to a student that being familiar with the decision-making process does not ensure he or she has the good judgment to be a safe pilot. Mental habits begin to form with repetition of the instructions previously received. Here is a Reviewing the appropriate chart and setting radio frequencies well in advance of need helps reduce workload as the flight nears the airport. When the aircraft was fueled the following morning, 60 gallons of fuel were required to fill the 62-gallon capacity tanks. students must understand that priorities change as the situation changes. The first of these phases is the students performance of the physical or mental skills that have been explained and demonstrated. Then, the instructor adds unforeseen circumstances such as a sudden change in weather that brings excessive winds during final approach. Instructors can help new students feel comfortable with ATC by encouraging them to take advantage of services, such as flight following and Flight Watch. In a typical flight lesson, reasonable goals are listed in the lesson objectives and the desired levels of proficiency for the goals are included in statements that contain completion standards, Impatience is a greater deterrent to learning pilot skills than is generally recognized. Collaborative assessment is used to evaluate whether certain learning criteria were met during the SBT, Collaborative assessment includes two partslearner self-assessment and a detailed assessment by the flight instructor. Students who are not completely at ease, and whose attention is diverted by discomforts such as the extremes of temperature, poor ventilation, inadequate lighting, or noise and confusion, cannot learn at a normal rate. As discussed in the section on flight instructor qualifications, instructors must be familiar with the components of each aircraft in which they instruct to ensure students understand the operation of the equipment, Checklists are essential flight deck resources for verifying that the aircraft instruments and systems are checked, set, and operating properly, as well as ensuring that the proper procedures are performed if there is a system malfunction or inflight emergency. These demands can be either pleasant or unpleasant in nature. In this case, the students knowledge of the aircraft, the POH, an instructor or other experienced pilot, or an AMT can be a resource which may help define the problem, During cross-country training, students may be asked to consider the following situation. Therefore, rest alone may not resolve chronic fatigue, Chronic fatigue is a combination of both physiological problems and psychological issues. On a cross-country flight, you become disoriented. The amount of training any student can absorb without incurring debilitating fatigue varies. To determine if there is a change in the winds aloft forecast and to check recent pilot reports, she contacts Flight Watch. This was our second highest source of deviation These two dates should be the same, Completion of prerequisites for a practical test is another instructor task that must be documented properly. As the student develops immunity, flights can be increased in length until normal flight periods are practicable, Keeping students interested and occupied during flight is a deterrent to airsickness. Daniels decision to help Mary develop personal weather minimums reflects a key component of the flight instructors job: providing the student with the tools to ensure safety during a flight. The chapter begins with practical strategies flight instructors can use to enhance their instruction, the demonstration-performance training delivery method of flight instruction, integrated flight instruction, positive exchange of flight controls, use of distractions, obstacles to learning encountered during flight training, and how to evaluate When an instructor is teaching a maneuver to a student, the instructor normally demonstrates the maneuver first, then has the student follow along on the controls during a demonstration and, finally, the student performs the maneuver with the instructor following along on the controls. A strange smell or sound may alert a passenger to a potential problem. The chapter begins with practical strategies flight instructors can use to enhance their instruction, the demonstration-performance training delivery method of flight instruction, integrated flight instruction, positive exchange of flight controls, use of distractions, obstacles to learning encountered during flight training, and how to evaluate students. communications between the cabin and cockpit crews, and reading publications The deficiencies listed below are apparent to others before the individual notices any physical signs of fatigue, Another form of fatigue is chronic fatigue which occurs when there is not enough time for a full recovery from repeated episodes of acute fatigue. The instructor should ensure that the student has the ability to recognize a work overload situation. Keeping the flight deck well ventilated aids in dissipating excess heat, Students can become apathetic when they recognize that the instructor has made inadequate preparations for the instruction being given, or when the instruction appears to be deficient, contradictory, or insincere. On the other hand, if a student is progressing normally, the instructor should avoid unnecessary interruptions or too much assistance, A typical test of how much control is needed often occurs during a students first few attempts to land an aircraft. In addition, it should be demonstrated in the same sequence in which it was explained so as to avoid confusion and provide reinforcement. It is neither appropriate nor effective for instructors to try to impress students with their expertise by using language that is unnecessarily complicated. boundary may be too low. The instructor should be alert during the students practice to detect any errors in technique and to prevent the formation of faulty habits, At the same time, the student should be encouraged to think about what to do during the performance of a maneuver, until it becomes habitual. as an activity that is essential to the safe operation of aircraft. These problems are often due to inadequacies of the course or of the instructor. Additional information can be obtained from veteran flight instructors. the performance of his or her duties or which could interfere in any way It has everything to do with a pure mental environment. In spite of the existence of the The FAA holds him or her accountable. If students believe the instructor assumes all responsibility for scanning and collision avoidance procedures, they do not develop the habit of maintaining a constant vigilance, which is essential to safety. Keep all radio communications to a minimum. This begins with recognizing that a change has occurred or that an expected change did not occur. But a valuable Rough air and unexpected abrupt maneuvers tend to increase the chances of airsickness. Note: Taxi is defined as movement of an airplane under its own power on the surface of an airport.. It states that: "No flight crew member may perform any duties during a critical phase of flight not required for . Some circumstances, such as the time available to make a decision, may be beyond the pilots control. A flight instructor who makes a practical test recommendation for an applicant seeking a certificate or rating should require the applicant to demonstrate thoroughly the knowledge and skill level required for that certificate or rating. The review shows that there are several practical concepts including Crew Resource Management, checklists and readbacks, sterile cockpit, and human factors of fatigue and stress that healthcare . If fatigue occurs as a result of application to a learning task, the student should be given a break in instruction and practice, A CFI who is familiar with the signs indicative to acute fatigue will be more aware if the student is experiencing them. When pointing out areas that need improvement, offer concrete suggestions that help. The job of the instructor is to challenge the student with realistic flying situations without overburdening him or her with unrealistic scenarios, The FAA recommends that in all student flights involving landings in an aircraft, the flight instructor should teach a full stop landing. Flight instructors should not exceed their own ability to perceive a problem, decide upon a course of action, and physically react within their ability to fly the aircraft, Commonly known as the "sterile cockpit rule," Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) section 121.542 requires flight crewmembers to refrain from nonessential activities during critical phases of flight. with the proper conduct of those duties. Objective: There is general enthusiasm for applying strategies from aviation directly to medical care; the application of the "sterile cockpit" rule to surgery has accordingly been suggested. However, keep in mind that the required amount of lead really depends on the type of turn, turn rate, and roll-out rate. the aircraft. Seccin instructora. The purpose of the self-assessment is to stimulate growth in the learners thought processes and, in turn, behaviors. the FAA enacted FAR 121.542 and FAR 135.100 to help curb the number of these a pretty good idea when it is first considered. If the flight instructor has trained and prepared the applicant competently, the applicant should have no problem passing the practical test, A flight instructor who fails to ensure a student meets the requirements of regulations prior to endorsing solo flight or additional rating exhibits a serious deficiency in performance. This appendix also includes references to 14 CFR Part 61, Certification: Pilots, Flight Instructors, and Ground Instructors, for more details concerning the requirements that must be met to qualify for each respective endorsement. one crew member to be "out of the loop." The following is an example of the type of scenario that can be presented to illustrate the poor judgment chain, A private pilot with 100 hours of flight time made a precautionary landing on a narrow dirt runway at a private airport. Every flight instructor can agree that everyone wants to be safe, but what does "safety" really mean? This is also true with the flight proficiency endorsement that is placed in the applicants logbook or training record (Advisory Circular (AC) 61-65). Sterile Cockpit Rule. Establishing the following procedure during initial training will ensure the formation of a habit pattern that should stay with students throughout their flying careers, During flight training, there must always be a clear understanding between students and flight instructors about who has control of the aircraft. Students who are worried or emotionally upset are not ready to learn and derive little benefit from instruction. Certificated flight instructor (CFI) Daniel decides his student, Mary, has gained enough confidence in flying that it is time for her to develop personal weather minimums. They landed on the airplane's belly. The regulations are carefully worded to apportion the responsibility of keeping the cockpit "sterile." It just happens. It is important for the flight instructor to answer any questions the student may have as result of a solo flight. Typically during a flight, the pilot has time to examine any changes that occur, gather information, and assess risk before reaching a decision. using engine anti-ice for takeoff during a blinding snow storm. Before endorsing a student for solo flight, the instructor should require the student to demonstrate consistent ability to perform all of the fundamental maneuvers, Instructors should teach students how to solve ordinary problems encountered during flight. The published minimum altitude at the area The report said the crew was likely distracted She now considers the expected outcome of each possible action and assesses the risks involved. Despite all the changes in technology to improve flight safety, one factor remains the samethe human factor. The examples shown contain the essential elements of each endorsement. by flight attendants during the sterile cockpit period can be distracting and Students who do not understand the principles involved will probably not be able to do this successfully, Flight instructors have the responsibility to provide guidance and restraint with respect to the solo operations of their students. Would suggest that, in these flight circumstances where cruise She can refuel there and continue to her destination without a significant loss of time, Although a decision may be reached and a course of action implemented, the decision-making process is not complete. Without resolution, human performance continues to fall off, and judgment becomes impaired so that unwarranted risks may be taken. instructors can demonstrate the sterile cockpit concept by. Activities such as eating meals, engaging in non-essential conversations within the cockpit and non-essential communications between the cabin and cockpit crews, and reading publications not related to the proper conduct of the flight are not required for the safe operation of the aircraft. [Figure 8-5], First, the flight instructor gives a carefully planned demonstration of the procedure or maneuver with accompanying verbal explanation. What resources do you have to assist you? For example, failure of a landing-gear-extended light to illuminate could indicate that the gear is not down and locked into place or it could mean the bulb is burned out. Some POHs call for mixture to be enriched during an emergency descent, but what if the powerplant is engulfed in flames? To fully achieve the demonstrated benefits of this type of training, the use of visual and instrument references must be constantly integrated throughout the training. Factors, referred to as stressors, can increase a pilots risk of error in the flight deck. Traditional pilot instruction has emphasized flying skills, knowledge of the aircraft, and familiarity with regulations. Safety permitting, it is frequently better to let students progress part of the way into the mistake and find a way out. dangerous, but it is illegal, as well. Refer to chapter 5 for an in-depth discussion of the types of assessment available to the flight instructor, An assessment can also be used as a tool for reteaching. Informing the tower of the balked landing should be accomplished only after these tasks are completed. Stress is an inevitable and necessary part of life; it adds motivation and heightens an individuals response to meet any challenge, Everyone is stressed to some degree all the time. Several reports we examined indicate Fatigue can be either acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term). suggestion following an altitude deviation. visiting the cockpit or calling on the interphone were noted in almost one quarter same way about their crew members. For example, if the student consistently makes a decision not to fly, even though weather briefings indicate favorable conditions, it may be due to apprehension regarding the lesson content. critical phase of flight which could distract any flight crew member from clearances and altitude deviations) increases when a crew member is out of the Over the years there have been dozens of air carrier accidents that occurred An implicit prerequisite to the evidence-based transfer of such a concept to the clinical domain, however, is definition of periods of high mental workload analogous to takeoff and landing. The expected outcome of each possible action should be considered and the risks assessed before the pilot decides on a response to the situation, Brenda determines the fuel burn if she continues to her destination and considers other options: turning around and landing at a nearby airport, diverting off course, or landing prior to her destination at an airport en route. ADM training focuses on the decision-making process and the factors that affect a pilots ability to make effective choices, Timely decision-making is an important tool for any pilot. A sterile cockpit has nothing to do with the cleanliness of the physical environment. (b) No flight crewmember may engage in, nor may any pilot in command permit, any activity during a critical phase of flight which could distract any flight crewmember from the performance of his or her duties or which could interfere in any way with the proper conduct of those duties. Hazardous attitudes need to be noticed immediately and corrected with the proper antidote to minimize the potential for any flight hazard, Learning how to recognize and cope with stress is another effective ADM tool. Safety Foundation's August 1992 Flight Safety Digest Regardless of how well a skill is taught, there may still be performance deficiencies. FAR 121.542, often referred to as the "Sterile Cockpit Rule", reads: (a) No certificate holder shall require, nor may any flight crewmember perform, any duties during a critical phase of flight except those duties required for the safe operation of the aircraft. However, a pilot can learn to recognize those factors that can be managed, and learn skills to improve decision-making ability and judgment, While the ADM process does not eliminate errors, it helps the pilot recognize errors, and in turn enables the pilot to manage the error to minimize its effects. During training, CFIs can routinely point out resources to students, Internal resources are found in the flight deck during flight. phase of flight except those duties required for the safe operation of This is true of all flight students, but special handling by the instructor may be required for students who are obviously anxious or uncomfortable, The demonstration-performance training delivery method was discussed briefly in Chapter 4, The Teaching Process, but the following in-depth discussion is geared to the flight instructor. An Instructor is an older troop member proficient in a Scouting skill who must also have the ability to teach that skill to others. that flight attendant calls or entry during this time be undertaken only for Resources must not only be identified, but students must also develop the skills to evaluate whether they have the time to use a particular resource and the impact that its use would have upon the safety of flight. By starting with the simplest skill, a student gains confidence and is less likely to become frustrated when faced with building skills that are more complex, Another consideration in this phase is the language used. If the student is unable to land in the first third, teach him or her to make an immediate go around. When a flight crew's they lost their landing sequence, and the pilot's pride was hurt. While the regulation grew out of accidents in the airline industry, it holds true for the entire aviation community. When this training technique is used, instruction in the control of an aircraft by outside visual references is integrated with instruction in the use of flight instrument indications for the same operations, It important for the student to establish the habit of observing and relying on flight instruments from the beginning of flight training. If a student seems distracted, or has a particularly difficult time accomplishing the tasks of the lesson, the instructor can query the student. surprised when they lined up with the wrong runway -- and doubly surprised when Acute fatigue, a normal occurrence of everyday living, is the tiredness felt after long periods of physical and mental strain, including strenuous muscular effort, immobility, heavy mental workload, strong emotional pressure, monotony, and lack of sleep, Acute fatigue caused by training operations may be physical or mental, or both. During the preflight briefing the Two steps to improve flight safety are identifying personal attitudes hazardous to safe flight and learning behavior modification techniques, Flight instructors must be able to spot hazardous attitudes in a student because recognition of hazardous thoughts is the first step toward neutralizing them. Since flight instructors are a critical part of the aviation safety system, this chapter introduces system safetyaeronautical decision-making (ADM), risk management, situational awareness, and single-pilot resource management (SRM)in the modern flight training environment. Consequently, important things were missed. and when the going is busy, complex, and one has multiple very ill or potentially very ill patients to care for, then one form of "sterile cockpit" is a very serious consideration, i think. This is particularly true of modern, complex, or high-performance aircraft, which are responsive to the use of correct operating airspeeds, The use of correct power settings and climb speeds and the accurate control of headings during climbs result in a measurable increase in climb performance. An instructional flight should be terminated as soon as incipient sickness is experienced. In military transport operations, a similar philosophy is applied from "combat entry" to "combat exit". cockpit needs to be cleaned up. It is just as important that a student be advanced to the subsequent step as soon as one goal has been attained, as it is to complete each step before the next one is undertaken.
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